How does the Gibbs-Duhem equation relate to changes in composition?

The Gibbs-Duhem equation is a fundamental relationship in thermodynamics that connects the changes in chemical potential of the components of a system to the changes in its composition. It can be expressed in a differential form, which highlights how variation in the chemical potential for one component is influenced by the changes in the number of particles of that component, as well as the number of particles of other components in a multi-component system.

This relationship is particularly significant for understanding how the properties of a solution or a mixture change as its composition is altered. As the composition of a system changes, the chemical potentials of its components also change, and the Gibbs-Duhem equation quantitatively expresses how these changes are linked. This equation is crucial in fields such as physical chemistry, material science, and chemical engineering because it allows researchers to predict how mixtures will behave when they are subjected to different conditions or compositions.

The other options describe different aspects of thermodynamics but do not capture the essence of how Gibbs-Duhem directly relates to the interplay between chemical potentials and composition changes.