An ideal solution is characterized by components obeying which law?

An ideal solution is characterized by its components obeying Raoult's law, which states that the partial vapor pressure of each component in a solution is equal to the vapor pressure of the pure component multiplied by its mole fraction in the solution. This relationship holds true for ideal solutions because the interactions between the molecules of the different components are similar to the interactions that occur in their pure states.

In an ideal solution, the components mix completely without any significant change in energy or physical properties. The behavior described by Raoult's law reflects this principle, as it assumes that the addition of a solute to a solvent does not alter the solvent's vapor pressure significantly. This characteristic is intrinsic to ideal solutions, where the contributions from each component to the overall properties can be predicted linearly based on their individual behaviors.

The other laws mentioned in the choices relate to different phenomena. Henry's law pertains to the solubility of gases in liquids, Dalton's law is concerned with the partial pressures of gases in a mixture, and Beer's law deals with the absorption of light in solutions. Therefore, these laws do not describe the characteristics of ideal solutions as accurately as Raoult's law does.